Using Visual Supports to Strengthen Working Memory
Working memory is a vital part of executive functioning. It allows us to hold and manipulate information in real-time. This is essential for following directions, staying on task, and solving problems. For children with autism, working memory challenges can make simple tasks feel like complex puzzles. They may forget what they were just told, lose track of steps, or shut down under too much verbal instruction.
The good news? Visual supports can bridge the gap!
What Is Working Memory?
Think of working memory as a mental sticky note: it lets us hold onto short-term information just long enough to use it. For example:
Remembering the steps to brush teeth
Holding numbers in mind while solving a math problem
Following a multi-step classroom direction like “Get your pencil, open your workbook, and write your name”
When working memory is weak, even simple tasks can feel overwhelming or impossible. That’s where visuals come in—they provide a permanent, concrete reference that frees up mental energy.
Why Visual Supports Work
Children with autism often have stronger visual processing skills than auditory processing skills. Visuals:
Stay in place (unlike verbal instructions, which disappear)
Allow repetition and review
Help children move at their own pace
Increase predictability and reduce stress
Promote independence by removing the need to rely on memory or constant adult prompting
Types of Visual Supports That Enhance Working Memory
1. Visual Schedules
Help children understand “what’s next” and reduce anxiety about transitions.
Use pictures, icons, or written words
Can show part of the day or the full day
Example:
🪥 Brush Teeth → 👕 Get Dressed → 🍳 Eat Breakfast → 🎒 Pack Bag
2. Task Strips
Break multi-step tasks into manageable chunks, supporting sequencing and memory.
Example for Toothbrushing:
Get toothbrush and toothpaste
Wet toothbrush
Put toothpaste on
Brush teeth
Rinse mouth
Put toothbrush and toothpaste away
Clean sink
3. First-Then Boards
Show what needs to happen first, and what rewarding or preferred activity comes next
Example:
First Homework → Then Play Game
This helps with motivation and task completion, especially for tasks that may seem aversive
4. Checklists
Great for older kids or those beginning to read. These can be laminated for dry-erase use
Example: Packing a backpack
✅ Snack
✅ Waterbottle
✅ Lunch
✅ Folder
5. Choice Boards
Offer limited options visually, reducing cognitive overload and decision paralysis
Example for Free Time Choices: 🎨 Art
📚 Reading
🎮 Video Game
🧩 Puzzle
6. Calendars and Timelines
For children who benefit from long-range planning and structure
Example:
Weekly planner showing school, activities, family visits, or special events. Use icons or colors!
How to Use Visuals Effectively
✅ Be Consistent
Use similar icons, language, and colors to support recognition and memory
Stick to one visual system per routine (avoid mixing picture styles too often)
✅ Place Visuals Where They’re Needed
Toothbrushing visuals in the bathroom
Dressing sequence near the closet
Homework checklist near the table/desk or backpack (wherever they sit down to do homework)
Make it easy for your child to reference the support without needing to ask
✅ Model the Use
Show your child how to use the visual tool. Say things like:
Let’s check the schedule together!
What does your bedtime chart say to do next?
✅ Keep It Simple
Start with 2–3 steps, then add more only as your child grows more comfortable with mastering the initial steps
✅ Update Regularly
Change visuals to reflect new routines, tasks, or age-appropriate expectations
✅ Use Proactively
Review visuals before an activity or transition:
“Let’s look at what’s coming after school today”
“First we’ll do your schedule, then we’ll play outside”
Visual Supports for Older Children and Teens
Even as children grow, they often still need visual tools, but in more age-appropriate forms
Try:
Digital planners (Google Keep, calendar apps)
Whiteboards for personalized schedules
Color-coded folders, notebooks, or labels
Sticky notes for reminders and sequences
Visual supports are not a sign of weakness, they are essential tools for growth!
For children with autism and working memory challenges, visuals provide a reliable way to make sense of a complex and fast moving world. They foster independence, reduce frustration, and boost confidence!
By meeting your child where they are, and providing support in a way that aligns with how they learn best, you give them the structure they need to succeed, not just in routines, but in life!